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The two main types of network analyzers are
- User Guide: Keysight (Agilent/HP) 8722ES Microwave Network Analyzer, 50 MHz to 40. The Agilent Technologies acquisition of Velocity11 resulted in the following Please make a note of the following changes as they impact this user guide. Agilent 8510C Network Analyzer System Operating and Programming Manual. Agilent Agilent.
- Bration kit to characterize a network analyzer’s systematic (repeatable) errors. Reflection measurement uncertainty is plotted as a function of S 11 (reflection coefficient). Based on a one-port calibration, using specified calibration kit, with 10 Hz IF bandwidth and no averaging. Assumes a one-port device (S.
- Notice Hewlett-Packard to Agilent Technologies Transition This documentation supports a product that previously shipped under the Hewlett-Packard company brand name. The brand name has now been changed to Agilent Technologies. The two products are functionally identical, only.
- Scalar Network Analyzer (SNA) — measures amplitude properties only
- Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) — measures both amplitude and phase properties (The HP 8753D is a Vector Network Analyzer)
Hewlett-Packard to Agilent Technologies Transition This manual may contain references to HP or Hewlett-Packard. Please note that Hewlett-Packard's former test and measurement, semiconductor products and chemical analysis businesses are now part of Agilent Technologies. To reduce potential confusion, the only. Can also be used as a general I/O bus, with user controllable TTL inputs and outputs. Users can also connect a DIN keyboard to speed up entry of titles, labels, or file names, and for remote front panel operation. HP 8753E RF Vector Network Analyzer Technical Specifications 30 kHz to 3 GHz or 6 GHz. HP 8753D Manuals & User Guides. User Manuals, Guides and Specifications for your HP 8753D Multimeter. Database contains 1 HP 8753D Manuals (available for free online viewing or downloading in PDF): Operation & user’s manual. View and Download Atek HP 8753D user manual online. Network Analyzer. HP 8753D Measuring Instruments pdf manual download.
A VNA may also be called a gain-phase meter or an Automatic Network Analyzer. An SNA is functionally identical to a spectrum analyzer in combination with a tracking generator. As of 2007, VNAs are the most common type of network analyzers, and so references to an unqualified “network analyzer” most often mean a VNA. The three biggest VNA manufacturers are Agilent, Anritsu, and Rohde & Schwarz.
A new category of network analyzer is the Microwave Transition Analyzer (MTA) orLarge Signal Network Analyzer (LSNA), which measure both amplitude and phase of the fundamental and harmonics. The MTA was commercialized before the LSNA, but was lacking some of the user-friendly calibration features now available with the LSNA.
Also, a category of network analyzers introduced by Agilent is a performance network analyzer (PNA).
The basic architecture of a network analyzer involves a signal generator, a test set, and one or more receivers. In some setups, these units are distinct instruments.
See scattering parameters#Measurement of S-parameters.
Architecture
The basic architecture of a network analyzer involves a signal generator, a test set, and one or more receivers. In some setups, these units are distinct instruments.
Signal generator
The network analyzer needs a test signal, and a signal generator or signal source will provide one. Older network analyzers did not have their own signal generator, but had the ability to control a stand alone signal generator using, for example, a GPIB connection (click here to buy GPIB cables.) Nearly all modern network analyzers have a built-in signal generator. High-performance network analyzers such as the Agilent PNA-X have two built-in sources. Two built-in sources are useful for applications such as mixer test, where one source provides the RF signal, another the LO, or amplifier intermodulation testing, where two tones are required for the test.
Test set
The test set takes the signal generator output and routes it to the device under test, and it routes the signal to be measured to the receivers.
It often splits off a reference channel for the incident wave. In a SNA, the reference channel may go to a diode detector (receiver) whose output is sent to the signal generator's automatic level control. The result is better control of the signal generator's output and better measurement accuracy. In a VNA, the reference channel goes to the receivers; it is needed to serve as a phase reference.
Directional coupler. Two resistor power divider.
Some microwave test sets include the front end mixers for the receivers (e.g., test sets for HP 8510).
The test sets may also contain directional couplers to measure reflected waves.
Transmission/reflection test set.
S-parameter test set.
Receiver
The receivers make the measurements. A network analyzer will have one or more receivers connected to its test ports. The reference test port is usually lableled R, and the primary test ports are A, B, C,.... Some analyzers will dedicate a separate receiver to each test port, but others share one or two receivers among the ports. The R receiver may be less sensitive than the receivers used on the test ports.
For the SNA, the receiver only measures the magnitude of the signal. A receiver can be a detector diode that operates at the test frequency. The simplest SNA will have a single test port, but more accurate measurements are made when a reference port is also used. The reference port will compensate for amplitude variations in the test signal at the measurement plane. It is possible to share a single detector and use it for both the reference port and the test port by making two measurement passes.
For the VNA, the receiver measures both the magnitude and the phase of the signal. It needs a reference channel (R) to determine the phase, so a VNA needs at least two receivers. The usual method down converts the reference and test channels to make the measurements at a lower frequency. The phase may be measured with a quadrature detector. A VNA requires at least two receivers, but some will have three or four receivers to permit simultaneous measurement of different parameters.
There are some VNA architectures (six-port) that infer phase and magnitude from just power measurements.
Calibration
The accuracy and repeatability of measurements can be improved with calibration. Calibration involves measuring known standards and using those measurements to compensate for systematic errors. Calibrations can be simple (such as compensating for transmission line length) or involved methods that compensate for losses, mismatches, and feedthroughs.
A network analyzer (or its test set) will have connectors on its front panel, but the measurements are seldom made at the front panel. Usually some test cables will go from the front panel to the device under test (DUT) such as a two-port filter or amplifier. The length of those cables will introduce a time delay and corresponding phase shift (affecting VNA measurements); the cables may also introduce some attenuation (affecting SNA and VNA measurements).
S-parameter measurements have a notion of a reference plane. The goal is to refer all measurements to the reference plane.
Short, open, load (SOL) calibration
Calibration involves using known standards. Convenient standards are perfect shorts, opens, loads, connecting the input to the output (a zero length transmission line). Such standards have trivial reflection coefficients and unity transmissions.
- s11, s22
- a short at the reference plane gives ρ = -1
- a load a the reference planes give ρ = 0
- an open at the reference plane gives ρ = 1
- s21, s12
Hp Network Analyzer Manual
- connecting input and output gives s21 = s12 = 1
- connecting a load at the input and output give s21 = s12 = 0
After making these measurements, the network analyzer can compute some correction values to produce the expected answer. For answers that are supposed to be zero, the analyzer can subtract the residual. For non-zero values, the analyzer could calculate complex factors that will compensate for both phase and amplitude errors.
Using ideal shorts, opens, and loads makes calibration easy, but ideal standards are difficult to make. Modern network analyzers will account for the imperfections in the standards. (Agilent 2006)
S-parameter error model
Ideal standards do not exist. Similary, the analyzer's test ports will not have a perfect match but rather a finite reflection coefficient. There will also be imperfect test port isolation and imperfect directivity. Modern network analyzers can compensate for these defects, too.
Calibration methods may compensate for varying number of terms. Magnitude changes with frequency. Feedthrough. Coupler directivity.
The Agilent 8510 network analyzer, for example, determines 12 error correction terms (two sets of 6 error terms). (Agilent 2006, p. 3)
Short, open, load, through (SOL/SOLT) standards. Sliding load.
Through, reflect, line (TRL) calibration
TRL, TRM, etc.]
Adapter removal
Sometimes the connectors get in the way.
De-embedding
Sometimes the reference plane isn't easily accessible. No connectors.
Automated calibration fixtures
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A calibration using a mechanical calibration kit may take a significant amount of time. Not only must the operator sweep through all the frequencies of interest, but the operator must also disconnect and reconnect the various standards. (Agilent 2003, p. 9) To avoid that work, network analyzers can employ automated calibration standards; Agilent calls these ECal modules. (Agilent 2003) The operator connects one box to the network analyzer. The box has a set of standards inside and some switches that have already been characterized. The network analyzer can read the characterization and control the configuration using a digital bus such as USB.
AC power systems
8753e Network Analyzer
AC network analyzers were much used for power flow studies, short circuit calculations and studying system stability but were ultimately replaced by numerical solutions running on digital computers. Since the multiple elements of the AC network analyzer formed a powerful analog computer, occasionally problems in physics and chemistry were modelled (by such researchers as Gabriel Kron of General Electric), during the period up to the late 1940s prior to the ready availability of general-purpose digital computers.From about 1929 to the late 1960s, large alternating current power systems were modelled and studied on AC network analyzers (Transient network analyzers). These were an outgrowth of the DC calculating boards used in the very earliest power system analysis. These systems were essentially models of the power system, with generators, transmission lines, and loads represented by miniature electrical components with scale values in proportion to the modeled system. Model components were interconnected with flexible cords to represent the schematic of the modelled system. To reduce the size of the model components, the network analyzer was energized at a higher frequency than the 50 Hz or 60 Hz utility frequency, and model circuits were energized at relatively low voltages to allow for safe measurement with adequate precision.